Publications – The Mental Models Global Laboratory

The Mental Models Global Laboratory

Publications.

This archive includes selected research papers and commentaries from journals, conferences, and books that highlight scientific results on human reasoning. Note: The archive is constantly being populated; if you wish for your paper to be linked here, please contact Sunny Khemlani.

2026

Bio, B., Khemlani, S., Naïve epistemics: A theory of rational and error-prone mental state reasoning.
Deighan, L., Byrne, R.M.J., On the different content of counterfactual and causal explanations.
Khemlani, S., Inferring possible causes from event structures.
Khemlani, S., Bio, B., Trafton, J.G., An integrated cognitive model of visuospatial relation tracking.
Moreno-Ríos, S., Orenes, I., Espino, O., The temporal negation suspension strategy in negative conditionals.

2025

Bucciarelli, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Bruno Bara, mental models, and syllogisms.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Ragni, M., Reasoning about possibilities: Modal logics, possible worlds, and mental models.
Moreno-Ríos, S., Mayoral, Á., Gordo, C., Moreno-Fernández, M., Espino, O., What children and adults understand when a conditional is said to be false.

2024

Bucciarelli, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Emotion, belief, and the words of the law.
Buccarelli, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Perché siamo così sicuri di avere ragione? Il ruolo delle emozioni nel mantenimento e nella revisione delle credenze (Why we are so sure we are right? The role of emotions in maintainance and revision of beliefs).
Byrne, R.M.J., How people think about the truth of hypothetical impossibilities.
Espino, O., Orenes, I., Moreno-Ríos, S., Illusory inferences in conditional expressions.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Kahneman, Tversky, and Kahneman-Tversky: three ways of thinking.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mistakes in thinking about cognitive science and how to reduce them.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R.M.J., Khemlani, S., Models of possibilities instead of logic as the basis of human reasoning.
Józsa, K., Oo, T.Z., Borbélyová, D., Podráczky, J., Deductive reasoning skills in children aged 4–8 years old.
Kon, M., Khemlani, S., How spatial simulations distinguish “tracking” verbs.
Mackiewicz, R., Bucciarelli, M., Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Eye movements are like gestures in the creation of informal algorithms.
Quelhas, A., Rasga, C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning from quantified modal premises.
Todorovikj, S., Brand, D., Ragni, M., Model verification and preferred mental models in syllogistic reasoning.

2023

Cortes, R., Weinberger, A., Green, A., The mental models training app: Enhancing verbal reasoning through a cognitive training mobile application.
Bio, B., Khemlani, S., Reasoning with online and offline knowledge.
Celar, L., Byrne, R.M.J., How people reason with counterfactual and causal explanations for Artificial Intelligence decisions in familiar and unfamiliar domains.
Ianì, F., Schaeken, W., Ras, I.N., Bucciarelli, M., Motor imagery and engagement favour spatial reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Possibilities and human reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Khemlani, S., What happened to the “new paradigm”? A commentary on Knauff and Gazzo Castañeda (2022).
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Ragni, M., What should replace the Turing Test?
Kelly, L., Khemlani, S., Iconicity bias and reasoning.
Kelly, L., Khemlani, S., Temporal explanations.
Khemlani, S., Orenes, I., Moreno-Ríos, S., Espino, O., Conditionals conflict with their denials.
von Hecker, U., Miller, E., Kirian Dill, S., Klauer, K.C., Mental representation of equivalence and order.

2022

Bucciarelli, M., Mackiewicz, R., Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The causes of difficulty in children’s creation of informal programs.
Cortes, R. et al., Transfer from spatial education to verbal reasoning and prediction of transfer from learning-related neural change.
Espino, O., Orenes, I., Moreno-Ríos, S., Inferences from the negation of counterfactual and semifactual conditionals.
Gangemi, A., Reasoning as a tool at the service of our goals.
Gazzo Castañeda, E.L., Sklarek, B., Dal Mas, D.E., Knauff, M., Probabilistic and deductive reasoning in the human brain.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Bucciarelli, M., Mackiewicz, R., Khemlani, S., Recursion in programs, thought, and language.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Oatley, K., Emotions, simulation, and abstract art.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Oatley, K., How poetry evokes emotions.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and the algorithms of deduction.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N, Reasoning about properties: A computational theory.
Knauff, M., Gazzo Castañeda, L. E., When nomenclature matters: Is the “New paradigm” really a new paradigm for the psychology of reasoning?
O’Neill, K., Henne, P., Bello, P., Pearson, J., De Brigard, F., Confidence and gradation in causal judgment.
Orenes, I., Espino, O., Byrne, R.M.J., Similarities and differences in understanding negative and affirmative counterfactuals and causal assertions: evidence from eye-tracking.
Orenes, I., Moreno-Ríos, S., Espino, O., Representing negated statements: When false possibilities also play in the mind.
Quelhas, A.C., Rasga, C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning with quantified modal premises: Some everyday inferences may be logically invalid.
Rasga, C., Quelhas, A.C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., An explanation of or-deletions and other paradoxical disjunctive inferences.

2021

Dames, H., Klauer, K., Ragni, M., The stability of syllogistic reasoning over time.
Espino, O., Byrne, R.M.J., How people keep track of what is real and what is imagined: The epistemic status of counterfactual alternatives to reality.
Gazzo Castañeda, L. E., Knauff, M., Specificity effects in reasoning with counterintuitive and arbitrary conditionals.
Gómez-Sánchez, J., Moreno-Ríos, S., Frosch, C., Alternatives or syntactic negation? Adults’ and children’s preferences for constructing counterfactual possibilities.
Gómez-Sánchez, J., Moreno-Ríos, S., Couto, M., Quelhas, A.C., Conditional content, explicit information, and generating cases: Sources for suppressing inferences.
Harner, H., Khemlani, S. (2021). Desires can conflict with intentions; plans cannot.
Henne, P., O’Neill, K., Bello, P., Khemlani, S., De Brigard, F., Norms affect prospective causal judgments.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Models and rational deductions.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Bucciarelli, M., Mackiewicz, M., Khemlani, S., Recursion in algorithms, thought, and language.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Oatley, K., Emotions, simulation, and abstract art.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Quelhas, A.C., Rasga, C., The mental model theory of free choice permissions and paradoxical disjunctive inferences.
Kelly, L., Khemlani, S., Temporal explanations help resolve temporal conflicts.
Khemlani, S., Epistemic verbs produce spatial models.
Khemlani, S., Psychological theories of syllogistic reasoning.
Khemlani, S., Bello, P., Briggs, G., Harner, H., Wasylyshyn, C., Much ado about nothing: The mental representation of omissive relations.
López-Astorga, M., Ragni, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The probability of conditionals: A review.
Mannhardt, J., Bucher, L., Brand, D., Ragni, M., Predicting spatial belief reasoning: Comparing cognitive and AI models.
Pighin, S., Byrne, R.M.J., Tentori, K., “If only” counterfactual thoughts about cooperative and uncooperative decisions in social dilemmas.
Orenes, I., “Looking at” negation: Faster processing for symbolic rather than iconic representations.

2020

Alfred, K., Connolly, A., Cetron, J., & Kraemer, D., Mental models use common neural spatial structure for spatial and abstract content.
Cárdenas-Figueroa, A., Olmedo Navarro, A., Overview of mental models research using bibliometric indicators.
Espino, O., Byrne, R.M.J., The suppression of inferences from counterfactual conditionals.
Espino, O., Byrne, R.M.J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Possibilities and the parallel meanings of factual and counterfactual conditionals.
Gómez-Sánchez, J., Ruiz-Ballesteros, J.A., Moreno-Ríos, S., How children and adults keep track of real information when thinking counterfactually.
Harner, H., Khemlani, S., A theory of bouletic reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., A proof of the consistency of the mental model theory of sentential reasoning.
Kelly, L.J., Khemlani, S., Directional biases in durative inference.
Kelly, L.J., Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning about durations.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Causal conflicts produce domino effects.
Korman, J., Khemlani, S., Explanatory completeness.
Munroe., W., Reasoning, rationality, and representation.
Ragni, M., Artificial intelligence and high-level cognition.
Ragni, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Explanation or modeling: a reply to Kellen and Klauer.
Wertheim, J., Ragni, M., The neurocognitive correlates of human reasoning: A meta-analysis of conditional and syllogistic Inferences.

2019

Briggs, G., Harner, H., Wasylyshyn, C., Bello, P., Khemlani, S., Neither the time nor the place: Omissive causes yield temporal inferences.
Briggs, G., Khemlani, S., A cognitively plausible algorithm for causal inference.
Bucciarelli, M., Imparare a ragionare…e continuare a farlo.
Bucciarelli, M., Ragionando assieme sull’importanza di ragionare. Risposta ai commenti.
Bucciarelli, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Deontics: Meaning, reasoning, and emotion.
Bucciarelli, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., A reply to Ratti and Brigaglia and Celano’s comments on Deontics: Meaning, reasoning, and emotion.
Bucciarelli, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Emotions and beliefs can change one another.
Byrne, R.M.J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., If and or: Real and counterfactual possibilities in their truth and probability.
Gangemi, A., Piccoli ragionatori pragmatici crescono!
Henne, P., Bello, P., Khemlani, S., De Brigard, F., Norms and the meaning of omissive enabling conditions.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Ragni, M., Possibilities as the foundation of reasoning.
Jubin, J., Barrouillet, P., Effects of context on the rate of conjunctive responses in the probabilistic truth table task.
Kelly, L., Prabhakar, J., Khemlani, S., Updating and reasoning: Different processes, different models, different functions.
Kelly, L., Khemlani, S., The consistency of durative relations.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Why machines don’t (yet) reason like people.
Legrenzi, P., Il dono più grande: ragione o bontà?
Mascarenhas, S., Picat, L., ‘Might’ as a generator of alternatives: The view from reasoning.
Markovits, H., De Chantal, P.-L., Brisson, J., Abstract reasoning and the interpretation of basic conditionals.
Orenes, I., García-Madruga, J., Gómez-Veiga, I., Espino, O., Byrne, R.M.J., The comprehension of counterfactual conditionals: Evidence from eye-tracking in the visual world paradigm.
Panagiotidou, E., Serrano, F., Moreno-Ríos, S., Testing the visual impedance effect in children with and without reading difficulties using a new visual reasoning task.
Quelhas, A.C., Rasga, C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The analytic truth and falsity of disjunctions.
Quelhas, A.C., Rasga, C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The analytic truth and falsity of disjunctions.
Ragni, M., Dames, H., Johnson-Laird, P.N., A meta-analysis of conditional reasoning.
Todorovikj, S., Friemann, P., Ragni, M., A cross-domain theory of mental models.
Wang, S., Thompson, V., Fluency and feeling of rightness: The effect of anchoring and models.

2018

Bucciarelli, M., Mackiewicz, R., Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Simulation in children’s conscious recursive reasoning.
Espino, O., Byrne, R.M.J., Thinking about the opposite of what is said: Counterfactual conditionals and symbolic or alternate simulations of negation.
Goodwin, G., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The truth of conditional assertions.
Khemlani, S., Reasoning.
Khemlani, S., Byrne, R.M.J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Facts and possibilities: A model-based theory of sentential reasoning.
Khemlani, S., Wasylyshyn, W., Briggs, G., Bello, P., Mental models and omissive causation.
Korman, J., Khemlani, S., How people detect incomplete explanations.
Ragni, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning about possibilities: Human reasoning violates all normal modal logics.
Ragni, M., Kola, I., Johnson-Laird, P.N., On selecting evidence to test hypotheses: A theory of selection tasks.
Ragni, M., Reisterer, N., Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Individuals become more logical without feedback.
Timmons, S., Byrne, R.M.J., Moral fatigue: The effects of cognitive fatigue on moral reasoning.
Timmons, S., Byrne, R.M.J., Moral hindsight for good actions and the effects of imagined alternatives to reality.

2017

Bello, P., Wasylyshyn, C., Briggs, G., Khemlani, S., Contrasts in reasoning about omissions.
Byrne, R.M.J., Counterfactual thinking: from logic to morality.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Goodwin, G., Khemlani, S., Mental models and reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Khemlani, S., Mental models and causation.
Khemlani, S., Hinterecker, T., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The provenance of modal inference.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Illusions in reasoning.
Macbeth, G., Crivello, M., Fioramonti, M.B., Razumiejczyk, E., Chronometrical evidence supports the model theory of negation.
Macbeth, G., Razumiejczyk, E., Crivello, M., Fernández, J.H., Gaze patterns of compound negation processing.
Moreno-Ríos, S., Byrne, R.M.J., Inferences from disclosures about the truth and falsity of expert testimony.
Parkinson, M., Byrne, R.M.J., Counterfactual and semi-factual thoughts in moral judgements about failed attempts to harm.
Parkinson, M., Byrne, R.M.J., Judgments of moral responsibility and wrongness for intentional and accidental harm and purity violations.
Parkinson, M., Byrne, R.M.J., Moral judgments of risky choices: A moral echoing effect.
Rasga, C., Quelhas, A.C., Byrne, R.M.J., How children with autism reason about other’s intentions: False-belief and counterfactual inferences.
Quelhas, A.C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The modulation of disjunctive assertions.
Quelhas, A.C., Rasga, C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., A priori true and false conditionals.

2016

Byrne, R.M.J., Counterfactual thought.
Bucciarelli, M., Mackiewicz, R., Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N. Children’s creation of algorithms: simulations and gestures.
Girotto, V., Fontanari, L., Gonzalez, M., Vallortigara, G., Blaye, A. Young children do not succeed in choice tasks that imply evaluating chances.
Hinterecker, T., Knauff, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N. Modality, probability, and mental models.
Khemlani, S. Automating human inference.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N. How people differ in syllogistic reasoning.
Ragni, M., Sonntag, T., Johnson-Laird, P.N. Spatial conditionals and illusory inferences.
Rasga, C., Quelhas, A.C., Byrne, R.M.J., Children’s reasoning about other’s intentions: False-belief and counterfactual conditional inferences.

2015

Johnson-Laird, P.N. How to improve thinking.
Bello, P., Khemlani, S. A model-based theory of omissive causation.
Khemlani, S., Goodwin, G., Johnson-Laird, P.N. Causal relations from kinematic simulations.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N. Domino effects in causal contradictions.
Johnson-Laird, P. N., Khemlani, S., Goodwin, G. Logic, probability, and human reasoning.
Khemlani, S., Lotstein, M., Johnson-Laird, P. N. Naive probability: Model-based estimates of unique events.
Khemlani, S., Lotstein, M., Trafton, J.G., Johnson-Laird, P. N. Immediate inferences from quantified assertions.
Valiña, M.D., Martín, M., Gehring, S., Seoane, G., Efecto de factores temáticos y pragmáticos en razonamiento condicional con textos narrativos.

2014

Cao, E., Lotstein, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Similarities and families of musical rhythms.
Goodwin, G., Is the basic conditional probabilistic?
Johnson-Laird, P.N., The mental models perspective.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Khemlani, S., Toward a unified theory of reasoning.
Khemlani, S., Barbey, A., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Causal reasoning with mental models.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., A mental model theory of set membership.
Khemlani, S., Orenes, I., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The negations of conjunctions, conditionals, and disjunctions.
Macbeth, G., Razumiejczyk, E., Crivello, M., Bolzán, C., Pereyra Girardi C.I., Campitelli G., Mental models for the negation of conjunctions and disjunctions.
Oatley, K., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Cognitive approaches to emotions.
Oatley, K., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The communicative theory of emotions: Empirical tests, mental models, and implications for social interaction.
Orenes, I., Beltrán, D., Santamaría, C., How negation is understood: Evidence from the visual world paradigm.
Ragni, M., Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The evaluation of the consistency of quantified assertions.

2013

Gangemi, A., Mancini, F., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and cognitive change in psychopathology.
Gangemi, A., Mancini, F., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Emotion, reasoning, and psychopathology.
Goodwin, G., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The acquisition of Boolean concepts.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., The mental models perspective.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and cognitive change.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Cognitive changes from explanations.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The processes of inference.
Khemlani, S., Mackiewicz, R., Bucciarelli, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Kinematic mental simulations in abduction and deduction.
Khemlani, S., Trafton, G., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Deduction as stochastic simulation.
Lee, N.Y.L., Johnson-Laird, P.N., A theory of reverse engineering and its application to Boolean systems.
Lee, N.Y.L., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Strategic changes in problem solving.
Ragni, M., Knauff, M., A theory and a computational model of spatial reasoning with preferred mental models.

2012

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Inference in mental models.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Kang, O., Leong, Y.C., On musical dissonance.
Mackiewicz, R., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning from connectives and relations between entities.
Orenes, I., Johnson-Laird, P.N. Logic, models, and paradoxical inferences.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and consistency.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Lotstein, M., Byrne, R.M.J., The consistency of disjunctive assertions.
Khemlani, S., Lotstein, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The probabilities of unique events.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Hidden conflicts: Explanations make inconsistencies harder to detect.
Khemlani, S., Orenes, I., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Negation: A theory of its meaning, representation, and use.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Theories of the syllogism: A meta-analysis.
Juhos, C., Quelhas, A.C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Temporal and spatial relations in sentential reasoning.

2011

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and language.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The need to explain.
Frosch, C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Is everyday causation deterministic or probabilistic?
Goodwin, G., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models of Boolean concepts.
Khemlani, S., Lotstein, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., What makes intensional estimates of probabilities inconsistent?

2010

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and human reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Against logical form.
Fumero, A., Santamaría, C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Formas de pensar: efecto de la personalidad en el razonamiento.
Goodwin, G., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Conceptual illusions.
Khemlani, S., Goodwin, G., The function and representation of concepts.
Khemlani, S., Lee, N.Y.L., Bucciarelli, M., Determinants of cognitive variability.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Explanations make inconsistencies harder to detect.
Kunze, N., Khemlani, S., Lotstein, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Illusions of consistency in quantified assertions.
McCloy, R., Byrne, R.M.J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Understanding cumulative risk.
Quelhas, A.C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Juhos, C., The modulation of conditional assertions and its effects on reasoning.

2009

Girotto, V., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Conditionals and probability.
Byrne, R.M.J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Conditionals and possibilities.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Deductive reasoning.
Byrne, R.M.J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., ‘If’ and the problems of conditional reasoning.
Knauff, M., A neuro-cognitive theory of deductive relational reasoning with mental models and visual images.
Walsh, C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Changing your mind.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N. Disjunctive illusory inferences and how to eliminate them.
Johnson-Laird, Byrne, R.M.J., Girotto, V. The mental models theory of conditionals.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning.

2008

Kroger, J., Nystrom, L., Cohen, J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Distinct neural substrates for deductive and mathematical processing.
Goodwin, G.P., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Transitive and pseudo-transitive inferences.
Bucciarelli, M., Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The psychology of moral reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and deductive reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Yang, Y., Mental logic, mental models, and computer simulations of human reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Oatley, K., Emotions, music, and literature.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., How we reason: A view from psychology.
Khemlani, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Illusory inferences about embedded disjunctions.
Lee, N.Y.L., Goodwin, G.P., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The psychological puzzle of Sudoku

2007

Frosch, C.A., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Cowley, M., It’s not my fault, your Honor, I’m only the enabler.
Girotto, V., Ferrante, D., Pighin, S., Gonzalez, M., Post-decisional counterfactuals by actors and readers.
Girotto, V., Gonzalez, M., Children’s understanding of posterior probability.
Jahn, G., Knauff, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Preferred mental models in reasoning about spatial relations.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Goldvarg-Steingold, E., Models of cause and effect.
Mancini, F., Gangemi A., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Il ruolo del ragionamento nella Psicopatologia secondo la Hyper Emotion Theory.

2006

Frosch, C.A., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The revision of beliefs about causes and enabling conditions.
Goodwin, G.P., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning about the relations between relations.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Models and heterogeneous reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mancini, F., Gangemi, A., A hyper-emotion theory of psychological illnesses.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., How we reason.
Lee, N.Y.L., Goodwin, G.P., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The psychology of Su Doku problems.
Lee, N.Y.L., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Are there cross-cultural differences in reasoning?.
Newsome, M.R., Johnson-Laird, P.N., How falsity dispels fallacies.

2005

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Flying bicycles: How the Wright brothers invented the airplane.
Quelhas, A.C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Modulaçã semântica no raciocínio condicional.
Jahn, G., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Knauff, M., Reasoning about consistency with spatial mental models.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., The shape of problems.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and thought.
Bucciarelli, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Naive deontics: A theory of meaning, representation, and reasoning.
Goodwin, G.P., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning about relations.
Goodwin, G.P., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Diagnosis of ambiguous faults in simple networks.
Hasson, U., Walsh, C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., What underlies the assessment of conditionals?
Jahn, G., Knauff, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Preferred mental models in spatial reasoning.
Lee, N.Y.L., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Synthetic reasoning and reverse engineering.
Legrenzi, P., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The evaluation of diagnostic explanations for inconsistencies.

2004

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning with mental models.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., The history of mental models.
Quelhas, A.C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Conhecimentos, modelos, e raciocínio condicional.
Girotto, V., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The probability of conditionals.
Walsh, C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Co-reference and reasoning.
Lee, N.Y.L, Johnson-Laird, P.N., Creative strategies in problem solving.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Legrenzi, P., Girotto, V., How we detect logical inconsistencies.
Cherubini, P., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Does everyone love everyone? The psychology of iterative reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Girotto, V., Legrenzi, P., Reasoning from inconsistency to consistency.

2003

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Logic and reasoning.
Haught, C., and Johnson-Laird, P.N., Creativity and constraints: The production of novel sentences.
Hasson, U., and Johnson-Laird, P.N., Why believability cannot explain belief revision.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Hasson, U., Counterexamples in sentential reasoning.
Legrenzi, P., Girotto, V., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Models of consistency.
Knauff, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning and the visual-impedance hypothesis.
Knauff, M., Fangmeier, T., Ruff, C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning, models, and images: Behavioral measures and cortical activity.
Barres, P., and Johnson-Laird, P.N., On imagining what is true (and what is false).

2002

Van der Henst, J., Yang, Y., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Strategies in sentential reasoning.
Knauff, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Imagery can impede inference.
Razonamiento con condicionales multiples
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R., Conditionals: A theory of meaning, pragmatics, and inference.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., How jazz musicians improvise.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Peirce, logic diagrams, and the elementary operations of reasoning.

2001

Goldvarg, E., Johnson-Laird, P.N. Naive causality: a mental model theory of causal meaning and reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and deduction.
Yang, Y., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and logical reasoning problems in the GRE.
Garcia-Madruga, J.A., Moreno, S., Carriedo, N., Guiterrez, F., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Are conjunctive inferences easier than disjunctive inferences? A comparison of rules and models.

2000

Goldvarg, Y., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Illusions in modal reasoning.
Yang, Y., Johnson-Laird, P.N., How to eliminate illusions in quantified reasoning.
Santamaria, C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., An antidote to illusory inferences.
Schaeken, W., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Strategies in temporal reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Illusions and models: a reply to Barrouillet and Lecas.
Jonson-Laird, P.N., Legrenzi, P., Girotto, V., Legrenzi, M., Illusions in reasoning about consistency.
Valiña García, M.D, Seoane Pasquiera, M.G, Ferraces Otero, M.J, Martín Rajo, M., Conditional reasoning: The importance of individual differences.

1999

Bucciarelli, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Strategies in syllogistic reasoning.
Evans, J. St. B., Handley, S., Harper, C., Johnson-Laird, P., Reasoning about necessity and possibility.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Causation, mental models, and the law.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Deductive reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N.Mental models in deductive, modal, and probabilistic reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Legrenzi, P., Girotto, V., Legrenzi, M., Caverni, J., Naive probability: A mental model theory of extensional reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R.M.J., Models rule, OK? A reply to Fetzer.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Savary, F., Illusory inferences: A novel class of erroneous deductions.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Savary, F., Bucciarelli, M., Strategies and tactics in reasoning.

1998

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Imagery, visualization, and thinking.
Santamaria, C., Garcia-Madruga, J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning from double conditionals: The effects of logical structure and believability.
Schaeken, W., Girotto, V., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The effect of an irrelevant premise on temporal and spatial reasoning.
Bell, V.A., Johnson-Laird, P.N., A model theory of modal reasoning.

1997

Johnson-Laird, P.N., An end to the controversy? A reply to Rips.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Rules and illusions: A critical study of Rips’s The Psychology of Proof.

1996

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Space to think.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Savary, F., Illusory inferences about probabilities.
Schaeken, W., Johnson-Laird, P.N., d’Ydewalle, G., Tense, aspect, and temporal reasoning.
Schaeken, W., Johnson-Laird, P.N., d’Ydewalle, G., Mental models and temporal reasoning.

1995

Johnson-Laird, P.N. Inference and mental models.
Byrne, R.M.J., Handley, S., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning from suppositions.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R.M.J., A model point of view.
Bara, B., Bucciarelli, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Development of syllogistic reasoning.

1994

Johnson-Laird, P.N., A model theory of induction.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reply to the commentators on a model theory of deduction.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models and probabilistic thinking.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R.M.J., Schaeken, W., Why models rather than rules give a better account of propositional reasoning.

1993

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R.M.J., Précis of deduction.
Bauer, M., Johnson-Laird, P.N., How diagrams can improve reasoning
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Shafir, E., The interaction between reasoning and decision-making: an introduction.
Legrenzi, P., Girotto, V., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Focussing and reasoning and decision-making.

1992

Byrne, R.M.J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The spontaneous use of propositional connectives.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Oatley, K., Basic emotions, rationality, and folk theory.
Johnson-Laird, P.N, Byrne, R.M.J., Modal reasoning, models, and Manktelow and Over.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R.M.J., Schaeken, W., Propositional reasoning by model.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R.M.J., Tabossi, P., In defense of reasoning: A reply to Greene (1992).

1991

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Rhythm and meter: A theory at the computational level.

1990

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R.M.J., Meta-logical problems: Knights, knaves, and Rips.
Oatley, K., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Semantic primitives for emotions: A reply to Ortony and Clore.

1989

Byrne, R.M.J., Suppressing valid inferences with conditionals.
Byrne, R.M.J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Spatial reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R.M.J., Only reasoning.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Byrne, R.M.J., Tabossi, P., Reasoning by model: The case of multiple quantification.
Johnson-Laird, P.N. Human experts and expert systems.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Oatley, K., The language of emotions: An analysis of a semantic fields.
Oakhill, J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Garnham, A., Believability and syllogistic reasoning.

1988

Johnson-Laird, P.N., A taxonomy of thinking.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Oatley, K., Are there only two primitive emotions? A reply to Frijda.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Freedom and constraint on creativity.
Valiña, M.D., De Vega, M., Un estudio experimental del razonamiento cotidiano en tareas de silogismos: una aproximación pragmática.

1987

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning, imagining, and creating.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., The mental representation of the meaning of words.

1986

Johnson-Laird, P.N. Reasoning without logic.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Oakhill, J., Bull, D., Children’s syllogistic reasoning.
Black, A., Freeman, P., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Plausibility and the comprehension of text.

1985

Oakhill, J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The effects of belief on the spontaneous production of syllogistic conclusions.
Oakhill, J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Rationality, memory, and the search for counterexamples.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Logical thinking: Does it occur in daily life? Can it be taught?
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Human and computer reasoning.

1984

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Semantic primitives or meaning postulates: Mental models or propositional representations?
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Herrman, D.J., Chaffin, R., Only connections: A critique of semantic networks.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Bara, B., Logical expertise as a cause of error: A reply to Boolos.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Bara, B., Syllogistic inference.

1983

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference, and consciousness.

1982

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Thinking as a skill.
Ehrlich, K., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Spatial descriptions and referential continuity.
Mani, K., Johnson-Laird, P.N., The mental representation of spatial descriptions.
Garnham, A., Oakhill, J., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Referential continuity and the coherence of discourse.

1981

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Comprehension as the construction of mental models.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Cognition, computers, and mental models.

1980

Trabossi, P., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Linguistic context and the priming of semantic information.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Garnham, A., Descriptions and discourse models.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Mental models in cognitive science.

1979

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Will there be any neat solutions to small problems in cognitive science?

1978

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Gibbs, G., de Mowbray, J. Meaning, amount of processing, and memory for words.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., The meaning of modality.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., What’s wrong with Grandma’s guide to procedural semantics: A reply to Jerry Fodor.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Steedman, M., The psychology of syllogisms.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Bethell-Fox, C., Memory for questions and amount of processing.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Gibbs, G., de Mowbray, J., Meaning, amount of processing, and memory for words.

1977

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Procedural semantics.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., The passive paradox: A reply to Costermans and Hupet.
Wykes, T., Johnson-Laird, P.N., How do children learn the meaning of verbs?

1976

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Quinn, J.G., To define true meaning.

1975

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Models of deduction.

1974

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Robins, C., Velicogna, L. Memory for words.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Experimental psycholinguistics.

1972

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Tridgell, J., When negation is easier than affirmation.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Legrenzi, P., Legrenzi, M., Reasoning and a sense of reality.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Steedman, M., The three-term series problem.

1970

Johnson-Laird, P.N., Wason, P.C., Insight into a logical relation.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Wason, P.C., A theoretical analysis of insight into a reasoning task.
Wason, P.C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., A conflict between selecting and evaluating information in an inferential task.

1969

Wason, P.C., Johnson-Laird, P.N., Proving a disjunctive rule.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., On understanding logically complex sentences.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Tagart, J., How implication is understood.
Johnson-Laird, P.N., Reasoning with ambiguous sentences.